In the US, the factor that is the best predictor of liberal/conservative is population density, not income. Densely populated urban areas skew liberal, sparser rural area skew conservative. After population density, we see that ethnicity, age, and religious affiliation are all more strongly correlated than income, or other measures of wealth. In particular, income alone doesn't always capture a person's financial security. You can draw up the stereotype of a gun-toting country bumpkin who is devoted to the GOP. But what about the stereotypical inner-city minority? Or the starving artist? Anyway, those are just stereotypes. So, what I'm driving at is that the premise of the claim isn't very strong.
Why are US political parties different from other countries in many respects? It's mainly to do with game theory. Elections in the US are all of the winner-takes-all variety (except some primaries, but even those eventually feed into the real elections which are winner-takes-all). This type of game quickly reduces to a competition between the two strongest parties. That's why the two parties dominate in the US. With no alternative choices, these parties have become "big tent" parties, meaning that they try to lure as many groups as possible in an opportunistic way. In other words, the two parties aren't narrowly focused on serving particular groups, interests, values, or ideologies. They just want numbers and they get them any way they can. It may seem at this moment or any other moment that the parties stand for something, but history shows that there have been many monumental shifts and flip-flops.
Why are US elections like this? Well, remember that, as odd as it may seem, the United States is one of the oldest governments in continuous operation. Just about every other country has been conquered, revolted, overthrown, or gained independence within the last 50-150 years while Uncle Sam is approaching age 250. Those newer governments have introduced ideas like proportional representation which make third parties more viable. Thus, their political parties tend to better match social groups aligned along their needs and interests.
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