*Quotes his tutorial*
Acetylcholine: The first neurotransmitter to be identified 70 years ago, was acetylcholine (ACh). This chemical is released by neurons connected to voluntary muscles (causing them to contract) and by neurons that control the heartbeat. ACh also serves as a transmitter in many regions of the brain.
ACh is formed at the axon terminals. When an action potential arrives at the terminal the electrically charged calcium ion rushes in, and ACh is released into the synapse and attaches to ACh receptors. In voluntary muscles, this opens sodium channels and causes the muscle to contract. ACh is then broken down and re-synthesized in the nerve terminal. Antibodies that block the receptor for ACh cause myasthenia gravis, a disease characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness.
Much less is known about ACh in the brain. Recen discoveries suggest, however, that it may be critical for normal attention, memory, and sleep. Since ACh-releasing neurons die in Alzheimer's patients, finding ways to restore this neurotransmitter is one goal of current research.
Melatonin: Melatonin regulates the physiological changes related by light, the time of day, etc. in co-relation with the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Melatonin pills will immediately inhibit monoamine oxidizers (MAO) which inhibit the production of serotonin which produces melatonin from the pineal gland which is then secreted into the blood stream. Soo, by taking melatonin pills, you kind of skip the process of secretion from the pineal gland and the whole physiological change from serotonin (since melatonin is excreted from serotonin).
The effects can sometimes take a while depending on the individuals serotonin levels within the digestive tract (there are strong levels of serotonin within the digestive tract to begin with too... alcoholics will be easy to adjust). Since during sleep the levels of melatonin increase dramatically during the waking stage with the arousal of the ascending reticular activation system (A/RAS), by taking melatonin pills, you keep a regular dosage of melatonin throughout sleep without arousal of the ARAS (and waking you up). The amount of acetylcholine is also dramatically reduced during sleep in order to regulate norepinephrine and other neurotransmitters involved with waking state.
Melatonin can be bought throughout America for, usually, less than $20. It is recommended to take only 2-4mg. (See Proper Intake Times below)
Melatonin cannot be purchased in Canada... legally.
Thread on Melatonin
Serotonin: This neurotransmitter, which is released from the pineal gland, is present in many tissues, particularly blood platelets and the lining of the digestive tract and the brain. Serotonin was first thought to be involved in high blood pressure because it is present in blood and induces a very powerful contraction of smooth muscles. In the brain, it has been implicated in sleep, mood, depression and anxiety. Because serotonin controls the different switches affecting various emotional states, scientists believe these switches can be manipulated by analogs, chemicals with molecular structures similar to serotonin. Drugs that alter serotonin's action, such as fluoxetine (Prozac), have relieved symptoms of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) is formed by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan. The greatest concentration of 5HT (90%) is found in the enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Most of the remainder of the body's 5HT is found in platelets and the CNS. The effects of 5HT are felt most prominently in the cardiovascular system, with additional effects in the respiratory system and the intestines. Vasoconstriction is a classic response to the administration of 5HT.
Neurons that secrete 5HT are termed serotonergic. Following the release of 5HT, a portion is taken back up by the presynaptic serotonergic neuron in a manner similar to that of the reuptake of norepinephrine. The function of serotonin is exerted upon its interaction with specific receptors. Several serotonin receptors have been cloned and are identified as 5HT1, 5HT2, 5HT3, 5HT4, 5HT5, 5HT6, and 5HT7. Within the 5HT1 group there are subtypes 5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT1D, 5HT1E, and 5HT1F. There are three 5HT2 subtypes, 5HT2A, 5HT2B, and 5HT2C as well as two 5HT5 subtypes, 5HT5a and 5HT5B. Most of these receptors are coupled to G-proteins that affect the activities of either adenylate cyclase or phospholipase Cg. The 5HT3 class of receptors are ion channels.
Some serotonin receptors are presynaptic and others postsynaptic. The 5HT2A receptors mediate platelet aggregation and smooth muscle contraction. The 5HT2C receptors are suspected in control of food intake as mice lacking this gene become obese fromincreased food intake and are also subject to fatal seizures. The 5HT3 receptors are present in the gastrointestinal tract and are related to vomiting. Also present in the gastrointestinal tract are 5HT4 receptors where they function in secretion and peristalsis. The 5HT6 and 5HT7 receptors are distributed throughout the limbic system of the brain and the 5HT6 receptors have high affinity for antidepressant drugs.
- Lost URL for some sources. If anyone finds it, please let me know.
Thread on Serotonin
Vitamin B6: Vitamin B6 is a group of substances pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pryidoxamine) that are widely distributed in animal and plant tissues. These substances are involved in the metabolism of amino acids (the building blocks of protein) and in the breakdown of glycogen (a stored sugar). Vitamin B6 is found in liver, pork, chicken, fish, and whole grains. A deficiency can result in functional disturbances of the nervous system.
Pyridoxine is essential in the conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates or fats for storage or energy, the synthesis of new amino acids from carbohydrates, and the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to niacin. Vitamin B6 provides a role in the development of most protein-related compounds including hormones, neurotransmitters such as serotonin, hemoglobin in red blood cells, and many enzymes.
Originally posted by www.anyvitamins.com
The dosage underneath is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), but be aware that this dosage is the minimum that you require per day, to ward off serious deficiency of this particular nutrient. In the therapeutic use of this nutrient, the dosage is usually increased considerably, but the toxicity level must be kept in mind. *
Males 2 mg per day and females 2 mg per day.
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For those who feel depressed, or any symptons of depression (lack of self-confidence, loss of will to do anything, loss of desire to wake up, consistently sleeping, etc. etc.) I recommend taking Vitamin B6 or trying to incorporate more food that involve this vitamin before seeking professional help.
Pyridoxine content of Selected Foods, in Milligrams per 3 1/2-oz. (100-gm.) Serving (Murray, 1996)
(In descending order)
Yeast, torula - 3.00
Yeast, brewer's - 2.50
Sunflower seeds - 1.25
Wheat germ, toasted - 1.15
Soybeans, dry - .63
Walnuts - .73
Soy bean flour - .63
Lentils, dry - .60
Lima beans, dry - .58
Buckwheat flour - .58
Blackeye peas, dry - .56
Navy beans, dry - .56
Brown rice - .55
Hazelnuts - .54
Garbonzos, dry - .54
Pinto beans, dry - .54
Bananas - .51
Avocados - .42
Whole-wheat flour - .34
Chestnuts, fresh - .33
Kale - .30
Rye Flour - .30
Spinach - .28
Turnip greens - .26
Peppers, sweet - .26
Potatoes - .25
Prunes - .24
Raisins - .24
Brussels sprouts - .23
Barley - .22
Sweet potatoes - .22
Cauliflower - .21
- Murray, M. Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1996.
Threads on Vitamin B6: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8?, 9, 10 *
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): GABA or gamma-aminobutyric acid, discovered in 1950, is the most important and widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Excitation in the brain must be balanced with inhibition. Too much excitation can lead to restlessness, irritability, insomnia, and even seizures. GABA is able to induce relaxation, analgesia, and sleep. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are known to stimulate GABA receptors, and hence induce relaxation. Several neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and Parkinson’s disease are affected by this neurotransmitter.
GABA is made in the brain from the amino acid glutamate with the aid of vitamin B6. GABA is available as a supplement in vitamin stores, but taking it in pill form is not always an effective way to raise brain levels of this neurotransmitter because GABA cannot easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Companies are searching for ways to place GABA in an oil base in order to ease its entry across this barrier
GABA can be purchased throughout North America in bottles typically holding 250mg/60 capsules for usually less than $15. It is recommended to only take one 4mg pill of GABA daily.
The Pharmacy tutorial has a lot of good links to.
Hope I have been enlightening.
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