In Cheng (1) there was a deaf person named Er Long (2). Although he has
never understood a word in his life, many people have sought his advice.
Wen Ren (3) asked Lao Tan (4), "King Ben (5) kept his
people from rebelling with Er Long's advice. King Xing (6) acquired his position
after consulting Er Long. King Guai (7) is now keeping Er Long for his advice on how
to win the war with the Kong (8) People. He has never understood a word in his
life! When people try to explain the difference between water and tea to him, he would just
walk away. How can this deaf and dumb person be so helpful to the kings?"
"That's simple," answered Lao Tan. "This man is a sage. Never having understood
what words are is probably his greatest asset. As soon as he sees a person, he understands
everything about the person. He knows what is wrong with him, and knows a solution to the
problem. This is called Seeing the Whole Person."
"What do you mean by that?"
"You must not think of words to describe a person. When you think of words to
describe a person, you recognize the person only as a set of words. Since each word is
specific to an idea, you see the person only as a set of ideas. How can you comprehend the
whole person if you see him only as a small set of ideas?
"Similarly, he solves the kings' problems. When he sees a problem, he understand it
as a whole. Because he does not formulate a person's problem into words, he see all sides
of the problem. When we solve problems, we think of words to characterize the problem.
Then we think of ways to counter the words we don't like. He does not do that. He does not
try to come up with a solution by manipulating the words characterizing a problem. He
comprehends the essence of the problem and does not just use a few words to characterize it.
This is called True Comprehension. He then bases his solution on how to counter the
entire essence of the problem."
"Have you achieved True Comprehension?" inquired Wen Ren.
"No. Unfortunately, I was not born deaf. I grew up learning to use words to
distinguish between things. Although I no longer see a difference between good and bad, I
still cannot disregard the difference between water and tea. The words I learned prevent me
from reaching True Comprehension."
(1) city
(2) ear deaf
(3) knowledgeable person
(4) old chat
(5) stupid
(6) capable
(7) obedient
(8) aggressive
"I know everything!" exclaimed Yi Sheng (1)
Jia Sheng (2) said, "You do?"
"I have read and memorized every single book!"
"Then you must have read about the village of Zheng (3)."
"Yes, I did," said Yi Sheng. "Would you like me to recite it for you?"
Jia Sheng said, "That's not necessary. Let me tell you the story. King Hao (4)
founded Zheng far away from civilization. He kept the village safe from other villages by
keeping it secluded and unknown. He also thought to keep the village from internal strife
by eliminating the word "war" from usage. He figured that if they have no word for war,
they could never think of the concept. Thus, they would be safe from internal warfare.
King Hao's peaceful village prospered over time. They were harmonious in every way.
Because of this, they became arrogant and thought they knew everything there was to know
about the world.
"Meanwhile, other villages grew and expanded. The village once far from
civilization soon became surrounded by other villages. In particular, the village of Wu
(5) was jealous of Zheng's rich farmland. Wu threatened war against Zheng, but since the
people of Zheng did no know what war was, they could no imagine how another village could
possibly take their farmland away. They believed war was another word for bargain. They
did not surrender. Wu attacked the next day and made them all slaves.
"The people of Zheng did not realize their vocabulary was limited. They did not
realize their intellect had limits because of the words available to them. They were caught
up in arrogance, assuming they knew everything. When a foreign concept was introduced to
them, they could not comprehend it. They did not even know it was foreign until it was too
late. This is called Trapped in Language.
"Do not make the same mistake. Just because you have read and memorized every
single book, you still do not understand the concepts beyond the words of the book. Do not
assume you know everything. Words are deceitful - they encourage you to believe you can
understand everything. But you can never know everything through the words in the books.
You must go beyond words to truly understand the world."
(1) second disciple
(2) first disciple
(3) upstanding
(4) good
(5) war
Chi De (1) went to Wang Le (2) as a disciple.
Chi De: "What is heaven?"
Wang Le: "What kind of question is that?"
Chi De: "Is it like the endless ocean?"
Wang Le: "Not exactly."
Chi De: "Then is it the endless generations of people?"
Wang Le: "Perhaps."
Chi De: "Then it must be the stars at night."
Wang Le: "Well..."
Chi De: "Then it is the blue sky that extends forever on a clear day."
Wang Le: "No, no. Go away. Stop wasting my time. You who try to describe the
indescribable with words can never know heaven."
(1) remember
(2) forgotten
Xing Tzo (1) went to see Liu Ze (2). "I have just been to the strangest
place!"
Liu Ze asked, "What is so strange about it?"
Xing Tzo said, "First, everyone in An (3) is always happy. Second, the people
do not celebrate birth of mourn death!"
Liu Ze replied, "I have been there. The people there do not have a word for death,
and they do not have a word for life. They think it's all part of a continuum. When a baby
is born, the child is regarded as an extension of the mother and father's bodies. Why would
they celebrate what already exists? When the mother and father die, their bodies become
food for the rice which feeds the child. Why would a child mourn for having food? Thus,
the people of An are always content.
"We think of life as good, and death as bad. If there were no words to describe a
distinction between life and death, we would also view the process as a continuum and be
happy. But because we have words for these two things, we think we must love one and hate
the other. We exalt life and work too hard to maintain it. When we are about to die, we
regard it as a loss and are saddened. If we are alive, we are not content. If we are about
to die, we are not content. Without words, we would be as happy as they. This is called
Transcending Language."
(1) walking
(2) staying
(3) peace
Zh'ang Ming (1) wanted to be a sage so he went to visit Confucius. He
asked, "If I memorize and follow everything you say, will I become a sage?"
Confucius replied, "Heavens no! You are taking a chunk of clay and molding the
outside into the shape of a pitcher. But you fail to carve out a space to hold water. How
can you expect the clay to be a pitcher if it has no emptiness inside?"
(1) pretender
Based on the style of Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings, translated by Burton Watson.
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