The
Iran-Contra affair was a
political scandal which was revealed in 1986 as a result of earlier events during the
Reagan administration. It began as an operation to increase U.S.-Iranian relations, wherein
Israel would ship weapons to a moderate, politically influential group of Iranians opposed to the
Ayatollah Khomeini; the U.S. would reimburse Israel with those weapons and receive payment from Israel. The moderate Iranians agreed to do everything in their power to achieve the release of six U.S. hostages, who were being held by
Hezbollah. The plan eventually deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the
executive branch sold weapons to
Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages, without the direct authorization of President
Ronald Reagan.
[1][2] Large modifications to the plan were conjured by Lieutenant Colonel
Oliver North of the
National Security Council in late 1985. In North's plan, a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales was diverted to fund anti-
Sandinista and
anti-communist rebels, or
Contras, in
Nicaragua.
[3] While President Ronald Reagan was a supporter of the Contra cause,
[4] there has not been any evidence uncovered showing that he authorized this plan.
[1][2][5]
After the weapon sales were revealed in November 1986, Ronald Reagan appeared on national television and stated that the weapons transfers had indeed occurred, but that the United States did not trade arms for hostages.
[6] The investigation was compounded when large volumes of documents relating to the scandal were destroyed or withheld from investigators by Reagan administration officials.
[7] On
March 4,
1987, Reagan returned to the airwaves in a nationally televised address, taking full responsibility for any actions that he was unaware of, and admitting that "what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages."
[8]
Many investigations ensued, including those by the
United States Congress and the three-man, Reagan-appointed
Tower Commission. Neither could find any evidence that Reagan himself knew of the extent of the multiple programs.
[1] In the end, fourteen administration officials were charged with crimes, and eleven convicted, including
Caspar Weinberger the
Secretary of Defense during these events.
[9] They were all pardoned in the final days of the
George H. W. Bush presidency, who had been vice-president at the time.
[10]
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