I've always liked the Freudian perspective; to facilitate evolution we needed a set of morals. "Civilization" as we know it depends on these self-created rules. However we also have deeper hard-wired instincts to eat, drink, sex each other up, etc. Its speculated that "consciousness" came from an evolutionary function of the brain to rationalize between these dichotomous forces.
A by-product of this evolutionary path, the "mind" (or "ego"), is basically just a complex but ultimately meaningless network of experiences, speculations, memories, ideas, thoughts, etc. that we define as "ourselves", though many (myself included) believe that the processes of the mind obscures our true selves.
Underneath all this distraction lies some pretty crazy shit. The human brain is 3 pounds of absolute magic encased in our skulls. The amount of things most of us perceive is infinitesimal compared to what we're capable of perceiving. What we call the "unconscious" (which I find too singular and simple of a term to describe something so intangible and dynamic) is where this interesting stuff happens every moment of every day, but we always tend to be too distracted to notice.
A lot of it sounds rather morbid, but in my case the full realization of this was the most liberating thing that ever happened to me. I'm by no means in any way enlightened, I'm really just starting to explore my own unconscious. But aside from that so many functions of our mind tend to be petty annoyances. Getting lovesick over women, being afraid of social situations, all these psychological things I used to be a victim to are progressively melting away. Feels good 
At any rate, this is just my own understanding of it all. Could be right, could be wrong. But hey, it works for me.
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