Thanks for responding, some of what you've said is very interesting. I think I can help in understanding what phosphenes are (and aren't).
The definition of phosphene on Wikipedia is " a phenomenon characterized by the experience of seeing light without light actually entering the eye". What you describe by looking at the sun or a computer monitor is specifically an afterimage that can be created from anything you look at provided you close your eyes and see the same image with inverted colors or even in your open visual field if the light coming from whatever you saw was bright enough. Sometimes this accounts for the auras people claim to see around people and can usually be achieved by almost staring past or behind the thing you are looking at and playing with how your eyes focus. Afterimages don't count as phosphenes because they are a direct result of neurons from the eyes having been stimulated by light. Phosphenes, according to that same article, can be induced by applying pressure to the eyes or by stimulating the retina or visual cortex with electricity or certain forms of magnetic manipulation. Seeing stars as a result of being hit by something or being lightheaded also count, but usually phosphenes are not such quickly moving points of white light, but more blobby and somewhat slower moving colors. Pressing on your eyes is a pretty well known way of producing phosphenes but they don't typically last very long.
The phosphenes I see are always something I'm recognize that I'm seeing with my eyes. Your descriptions of vision coming from other places in your body is much different from how I experience it, but in a lot of ways I can still find what you're saying similar. Your afterimage of the sun being somewhat reddish/yellowish is a little bit confusing to me, it's always a mostly green slightly blue color for me. Like I said, the afterimage is often the reverse color on a color wheel. Anyway, the way I'm able to differentiate between phosphenes I'm seeing with my eyes open and afterimages is that they behave exactly like phosphenes do when my eyes are closed. There isn't any good physical reason for me to be seeing them in terms of light, and they swirl/grow/dissipate just as phosphenes normally do.
Your experience with phosphenes from eating chocolate seems to indeed phosphenes, but I'm not sure I can relate to where they're coming from. All of the places I get sight from involve places in my head, but even then I always see phosphenes as if I'm looking at them using my eyes. Anyway, caffeine and the theobromine found in dark chocolate (both chemically related and with extremely similar methods of action) are known to be implicated in generating more phosphenes in some people. The different colors sounds really cool and wish I could get, but as I've mentioned mine are almost always the same color. I also don't know what you mean by structured spacial geometry pop up in your vision. Do you mean like the kind in the picture I've uploaded?
I'm not sure what you mean by seeing that particle and then seeing yourself grow smaller (I'm guessing you mean internally you feel as you are shrinking) and it growing larger. Changes in perception of body shape and size are usually more of something you experience when entering a state of hypnagogia. The fully formed dream scenes are a bit iffy for me to comment on how it feels I am seeing them. It's almost like I'm seeing them with my eyes, but at the same time I know it's my mind's eye. When I normally visualize it's with my mind's eye, but there's no ambiguity in that. When it's completely dominating my vision and I'm seeing it regardless of trying to, it's harder for me to say for certain where it's my mind's eye, it almost feels like both. In any case, my mind's eye is always a spot that's about centered with my pupils in terms of height and back to just a bit in front my ears. I've uploaded a second picture marking where it would be with a cross section of a brain in the head. I marked it in green and outlined it in red to try and make it stand out a little more. Most people tend to place the mind's eye at the pineal gland even though the secondary visual cortex is essentially the mind's eye. Even mine doesn't match up, so the feeling itself is more or less randomly determined.
edit: Neither of the images want to upload to DV, let me upload them to another site real quick.
Okay here's the first image having to do with spatial geometry.

And the second about mind's eye location.
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