I will spare the details of the entire religious background (because what defines Mormonism is the change in belief from previous ones, much like I would skip Judaism if I spoke of Christianity) though if you have questions I will provide as clear answers as I can.
Vocabulary
Mormonism - is a term used to describe the religious, ideological, and cultural elements of certain branches of the Latter Day Saint movement.
Mormon - the adherents, practitioners, followers or constituents of Mormonism.
The Book of Mormon - one of the sacred texts of the Latter Day Saint movement.
Moroni - A profet, and an angel who gave Joseph Smith stones
Neophyte - a person newly converted to a belief, as a heathen, heretic, or nonbeliever; proselyte.a beginner or novice. A recent convert to a belief; a proselyte.
Joseph Smith - originator of the Mormon religion.
Urim and Thummim - the seer stones used to translate God's word.
Polygamy - More than one wife.
exaltation - the ultimate goal in the plan of salvation. The state of being gods and goddesses—eternal parents—brings joy and happiness that last forever.
Origin
The Book of Mormon was first published by Joseph Smith. According to Smith's written account, the book [of mormon] is a translation of gold plates which contained the writings of prophets in ancient Meso-America between approximately 600 BC and AD 400. The plates were buried by Moroni, the last of these prophets, at a hill called Cumorah. He used two stones called the Urim and Thummim to create the book of Mormon. He placed the stones inside of a hat and then turned the hat upside down and then the stones would begin to glow and he could then see burried treasure or rather the sacred texts.
Purpose.
"to show the remnant of the House of Israel what great things the Lord has done for their fathers" and to convince "Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God, manifesting himself to all nations."
Many doctrinal teachings
The following teachings are considered especially important in the Book of Mormon:
Jesus spoke to the Jews in Jerusalem of “other sheep” who would hear his voice, which the Book of Mormon claims meant that the Nephites and other remnants of the lost tribes of Israel throughout the world were to be visited by Jesus after his resurrection.
The Old Testament prophet Isaiah spoke of prophets who would "whisper out of the dust.". The Book of Mormon interprets this as a reference to itself.
The land of the Jaredites, Nephites, and Lamanites is choice above all other lands.
"Inasmuch as ye keep [the Lord's] commandments, ye shall prosper in the land, but inasmuch as ye keep not [his] commandments, ye shall be cut off from [his] presence."
Men and women are "free to choose liberty and eternal life, through the great Mediator of all men, or to choose captivity and death, according to the captivity and power of the devil; for he seeketh that all men might be miserable like unto himself."
All mankind must be born again, for the natural man is an enemy to God until he yields to the holy spirit and is born of Christ, being changed to a state of righteousness, becoming his son or daughter.
"Adam fell that men might be, and men are, that they might have joy." Partaking of the fruit of the tree of life, which tree "is the love of God, which sheddeth itself abroad in the hearts of the children of men" and "is the most desirable above all things" will bring the most joy to the soul.
Between death and the resurrection the spirit returns to God and awaits the resurrection. At the resurrection, the spirit and body shall be reunited, not one hair of the head shall be lost, and this resurrection shall come to all.
Giving to the poor is emphasized as a necessary aspect of living the gospel of Christ.
Service to others is essential, and is the same as serving God.
The Lord "denieth none that come unto him, black and white, bond and free, male and female; and he remembereth the heathen; and all are alike unto God, both Jew and Gentile."
Polygamy. Smith came to his wife one day and said that God had revealed to him that he must have more than one wife, and if his wife didn't agree to this concept then she was to be destroyed. She had six (perhaps more or less?) children and one of was of very low intelligence (I.E. mentally handicapped).
Moroni's Promise
The book invites the reader to make a personal investigation into its truthfulness. The final chapter states that anyone who wants to know if the message of the Book of Mormon is true should ask God. It promises that God will give them an undeniable sign of its truthfulness.[42] This is often referred to as Moroni's Promise.
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