27 subjects were recruited through an online forum for lucid dreaming. Instructions were
provided through the forum, and if further clarifications were needed they were delivered using
private messages. All tasks were performed without any observer, dream reports were not collected,
and the results were collected through a survey. This survey consisted of difficulty ratings for six
tasks performed in lucid dreaming and two additional questions. The tasks were to read and
understand a sentence (task 1), to observe and understand a painting (task 2), to write a sentence
using a pencil (task 3), to draw a cube using a pencil (task 4), to speak a sentence not previously
heard (task 5), and to hum a song not previously heard (task 6). Once waking from a lucid dream
subjects filled in the survey by rating the difficulty of each task and also providing answers to two
questions. These questions were how many lucid dreams the subject on average had each month,
and with which hand the subject wrote. Following the first survey a second survey was also
provided in which the subjects were asked to imagine performing these same tasks during waking,
judge the difficulty, and write down the results. The first and second survey was then collected over
the forum. Task 1, 3, and 5 were judged as left hemisphere tasks and task 2, 4, and 6 as right
hemisphere tasks. The comparisons carried out were between task 1 and 2, task 3 and 4, task 5 and
6. Data from the second survey was used as a control for the first survey.
LUCID DREAMING, NEURAL CORRELATES AND PHENOMENOLOGY 23
Using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) the data was analyzed with three factors: state,
handedness, and task lateralization. State was divided into lucid dreaming or imagination,
handedness into left hand or right hand, and task lateralization into left hemisphere and right
hemisphere. Results showed a main effect of task lateralization between task 1 and 2, as well as a
significant three way interaction. Right handed subjects rated the left hemisphere task as more
difficult in lucid dreaming compared to the right hemisphere task, the left hemisphere task as easier
in imagination compared to dreaming, and the right hemisphere task as more difficult in
imagination compared to dreaming. Left handed subjects showed the same results, though less
significant, except for rating the right hemisphere task as more difficult in dreams compared to
imagination.
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