• Lucid Dreaming - Dream Views




    Page 2 of 2 FirstFirst 1 2
    Results 26 to 48 of 48
    1. #26
      Banned
      Join Date
      Aug 2008
      Posts
      26
      Likes
      0
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_Dream

      some of this wikipedia stuff is crap. wikipedia is generally crap. but its an okay place to start as long as you put forth the point that you should take it all with a grain of salt and then go look around elsewhere.

    2. #27
      Member
      Join Date
      Jul 2008
      Posts
      9
      Likes
      0
      Quote Originally Posted by prometheuspan View Post
      why would it be the same?
      No. Apparently you did not study your REM sleep. The mind builds the primary ingredients of a dream for a short time in an alpha sleep. This then loads in under 2 or 3 seconds for the vast majority of dreams. The exterior interface with the matrix is limited in time experience to the sampling rate of the senses
      and the processing rate of the brain. No such limitations exist in brodmann brain area communications. 60 Year long Lucid dreams are really not that hard to come by for expert lucid dreamers, and in real time, that probably happens in well under 10 minutes.
      I'm scandalously floored at some of the answers. You people really should get more research done and quit chattering in circles, pretending knowledge you don't have and thus giving each other false ideas.

      Could you cite your sources for these conclusions? I'd be very interested in reading them.

      How do you explain the LaBerge study that concluded that lucid time perception is equal to wakeful time perception? They tested this by having a skilled lucid dreamer make a series of predetermined eye movements to facilitate communication while lucid dreaming. Any thoughts on that?

      In my personal experience, time perception while LD'ing is equal to that of being awake. But how do you define time perception? I can think of three types of ways to think about time:

      (a) By your observations of events, such as distance travelled or the observance of nightfall, etc.

      (b) By the rate at which you consciously process thoughts.

      (c) We seem to have an internal clock that keeps us unconsciously aware of the passage of time.


      I don't think that (a) is a reliable measure since it's based on observance of the dream imagery. Observing nightfall or quickly flying 10 miles is all part of the flexible and outrageous nature of dreams.

      I think that (b) and (c) are related somehow. Judging by these two methods, my perception of time has always been consistent. Years may go by, or days may go by, or I may travel around the world, but it still only feels like a few minutes or few seconds of real-life awake time. I've never had more than several minutes' worth of conscious thoughts in one LD.

      I will say that all of my lucid dreams feel like they are in a "different time and place", as if in a parallel dimension.
      Last edited by Stuff; 08-18-2008 at 11:14 AM.

    3. #28
      Banned
      Join Date
      Aug 2008
      Posts
      26
      Likes
      0
      Could you cite your sources for these conclusions? I'd be very interested in reading them.
      ---------
      ppan. No, can't do that. Not prepared to be lucid dreaming expert, its not
      anything i keep files for.
      ---------

      How do you explain the LaBerge study that concluded that lucid time perception is equal to wakeful time perception? They tested this by having a skilled lucid dreamer make a series of predetermined eye movements to facilitate communication while lucid dreaming. Any thoughts on that?
      --------
      Sure, i have heard of lots of such things. Its still true that the dominant
      understanding of psychology is that dreams occur while in a REM condition
      and that REM conditions peak for only a few seconds. Pseudoscience
      can generate all sorts of interesting proofs for its assumptions. Give me the specifics of the test and i'll tell you where its making the mistake.

      Something else to consider is that the more lucid a dream is, the more likely
      you are to have beta brain waves, which slows things down considerably.
      Never mind sleep. The beta level mind samples reality at about 16 clicks per second. The alpha level mind at between that and as high as say 60 clicks per second. The reptile mind or delta level samples at up to a few hundred clicks
      per second. Think about it in terms of pure biochemical messaging.
      Why would the brain be limited by real time in a brain to brain communication?

      -------------

      In my personal experience, time perception while LD'ing is equal to that of being awake. But how do you define time perception? I can think of three types of ways to think about time:
      ------------
      ppan

      I'm sorry, but modern science understands that and says everybody is fooled.
      ---------

      (a) By your observations of events, such as distance travelled or the observance of nightfall, etc.

      (b) By the rate at which you consciously process thoughts.
      ----------
      ppan
      Which is determined by what state of consciousness we are in.
      ----------

      (c) We seem to have an internal clock that keeps us unconsciously aware of the passage of time.
      ---------
      ppan; yes, very accurate time if this is the reptile brain we are talking about
      since its counting heartbeats and other such biological patterns and etc.
      ----------


      I don't think that (a) is a reliable measure since it's based on observance of the dream imagery. Observing nightfall or quickly flying 10 miles is all part of the flexible and outrageous nature of dreams.

      I think that (b) and (c) are related somehow. Judging by these two methods, my perception of time has always been consistent. Years may go by, or days may go by, or I may travel around the world, but it still only feels like a few minutes or few seconds of real-life awake time. I've never had more than several minutes' worth of conscious thoughts in one LD.
      -----------
      ppan
      I have had numerous LD events where subjective time lasted at least several weeks.
      -----------

      I will say that all of my lucid dreams feel like they are in a "different time and place", as if in a parallel dimension.
      --------
      ppan
      Qaballists call that dimension Tiferet.

    4. #29
      Member maxy126's Avatar
      Join Date
      Jul 2008
      LD Count
      55
      Gender
      Location
      England UK
      Posts
      216
      Likes
      0
      erm my first lucid it felt really slow time was reallly really slow but yeah i think every experiences time differently also i heard higher uup u are the faster time goes by but i dont know if thats true
      LD so far : 55
      (DILD:47) (DEILD:3) (WILD:4) (FILD:0) (Natural Ld:1)

      Goals
      Talk to subconsious/dream guide [] Learn something deep about myself [] Fly [X] Use telekinisis [X] Fight a dc [X]

    5. #30
      This be our finest battle Scarhand's Avatar
      Join Date
      Jul 2008
      Gender
      Location
      Between a dream and reality
      Posts
      326
      Likes
      5
      Quote Originally Posted by Mini Man56 View Post
      Sorry to burst your bubble, but autosuggestion is already known by most of us...

      Edit: But it DOES work! n_n
      Haha yeah, just making sure the OP knew.
      "This is for long forgotten light at the end of the world..."

    6. #31
      Member ChaybaChayba's Avatar
      Join Date
      Mar 2008
      Gender
      Location
      Skypedia
      Posts
      1,903
      Likes
      71
      Sometimes I can doze off and have an entire dream, eventho 1 minute has passed. Especially during WILD attempts, time perception goes crazy.
      "Reject common sense to make the impossible possible." -Kamina

    7. #32
      not on boats
      Join Date
      Jul 2007
      Posts
      403
      Likes
      1
      Guys, the Laberge study didn't 'prove' that dream time always conincided with real time, but did evidentially support the conclusion that dreams normally do. None of the subjects were attempting to 'extend' the dreamtime during the test (or claimed to be able to, as far as I know).

    8. #33
      Member Halocuber's Avatar
      Join Date
      Jun 2008
      Gender
      Location
      Seriously .... I DON'T KNOW!!!
      Posts
      294
      Likes
      0
      Quote Originally Posted by prometheuspan View Post
      Could you cite your sources for these conclusions? I'd be very interested in reading them.
      ---------
      ppan. No, can't do that. Not prepared to be lucid dreaming expert, its not
      anything i keep files for.
      ---------

      How do you explain the LaBerge study that concluded that lucid time perception is equal to wakeful time perception? They tested this by having a skilled lucid dreamer make a series of predetermined eye movements to facilitate communication while lucid dreaming. Any thoughts on that?
      --------
      Sure, i have heard of lots of such things. Its still true that the dominant
      understanding of psychology is that dreams occur while in a REM condition
      and that REM conditions peak for only a few seconds. Pseudoscience
      can generate all sorts of interesting proofs for its assumptions. Give me the specifics of the test and i'll tell you where its making the mistake.

      Something else to consider is that the more lucid a dream is, the more likely
      you are to have beta brain waves, which slows things down considerably.
      Never mind sleep. The beta level mind samples reality at about 16 clicks per second. The alpha level mind at between that and as high as say 60 clicks per second. The reptile mind or delta level samples at up to a few hundred clicks
      per second. Think about it in terms of pure biochemical messaging.
      Why would the brain be limited by real time in a brain to brain communication?

      -------------

      In my personal experience, time perception while LD'ing is equal to that of being awake. But how do you define time perception? I can think of three types of ways to think about time:
      ------------
      ppan

      I'm sorry, but modern science understands that and says everybody is fooled.
      ---------

      (a) By your observations of events, such as distance travelled or the observance of nightfall, etc.

      (b) By the rate at which you consciously process thoughts.
      ----------
      ppan
      Which is determined by what state of consciousness we are in.
      ----------

      (c) We seem to have an internal clock that keeps us unconsciously aware of the passage of time.
      ---------
      ppan; yes, very accurate time if this is the reptile brain we are talking about
      since its counting heartbeats and other such biological patterns and etc.
      ----------


      I don't think that (a) is a reliable measure since it's based on observance of the dream imagery. Observing nightfall or quickly flying 10 miles is all part of the flexible and outrageous nature of dreams.

      I think that (b) and (c) are related somehow. Judging by these two methods, my perception of time has always been consistent. Years may go by, or days may go by, or I may travel around the world, but it still only feels like a few minutes or few seconds of real-life awake time. I've never had more than several minutes' worth of conscious thoughts in one LD.
      -----------
      ppan
      I have had numerous LD events where subjective time lasted at least several weeks.
      -----------

      I will say that all of my lucid dreams feel like they are in a "different time and place", as if in a parallel dimension.
      --------
      ppan
      Qaballists call that dimension Tiferet.
      LOL , I read all that shit before... You just wasted your time... I wanted to hear personal views on the subject , not scientific research ….
      Quote Originally Posted by Seismosaur View Post

      Black people kidnapped black people and then sold them to white people, who soold them to white people who did what the did with them.

    9. #34
      Banned
      Join Date
      Mar 2008
      Posts
      4,904
      Likes
      64
      I personally feel as though my dreams last much longer than the RL time. It doesn't matter if I'm standing still, talking to DCs, or whatever, and I generally view my dreams as only lasting seconds or minutes as I am asleep but lasting MUCH longer while I am in the dream. Dream time is much slower, imo. Which is awesome, you get to do more

      It also makes me wonder if the passing speed of dream time is correlated to what you are thinking of it and how you are expecting it to pass. For example, once LaBerge's people knew they should be counting at their RL speeds, did they actually count at RL speeds? When you are in a lucid going "I've only got a few seconds left before I wake up! I'm going to wake up in a few seconds!" (You know it's happened to you!) do you inadvertently speed up the time of the dream so that you wake up right as you are thinking that? Just because LaBerge did a study saying that his subjects could regulate dream time to pass as real time does, I don't think necessarily means that dream times are exclusively identical to real time. I'd like to see more scientific studies, and the actual write-ups, before I take even a scientific study to be 100% truth.

      prometheuspan, you ought to use the quote function. I love to read your responses on here but those huge blocks of text... I can't bring myself to read that lol

    10. #35
      Monday Mr. Pig's Avatar
      Join Date
      Aug 2008
      Gender
      Location
      Nowhere
      Posts
      266
      Likes
      0
      DJ Entries
      3
      not sure if anyone's said anything about this yet, or even if it could be helpful, but two or three times, i've been laying in bed, trying to sleep, i close my eyes for a second, and when i open them, it's morning!
      But that's only happened a couple of times.
      http://img440.imageshack.us/img440/7726/mrpigsig1lw8.jpg
      Lucid Dreams since Joining: 9, I think.
      Tasks Completed: 2
      Dream Journal and other cool stuff.

    11. #36
      I am become fish pear Abra's Avatar
      Join Date
      Mar 2007
      Location
      Doncha Know, Murka
      Posts
      3,816
      Likes
      542
      DJ Entries
      17
      If you want to impress your professor, use the LaBerge study. Then integrate the testimonies, and make a hypothesis as to why individuals' experiences deviate from the study.

      Some dreams feel pretty real, going through all actions. Others skip parts, so it seems much longer than what it was.
      Abraxas

      Quote Originally Posted by OldSparta
      I murdered someone, there was bloody everywhere. On the walls, on my hands. The air smelled metallic, like iron. My mouth... tasted metallic, like iron. The floor was metallic, probably iron

    12. #37
      Member Halocuber's Avatar
      Join Date
      Jun 2008
      Gender
      Location
      Seriously .... I DON'T KNOW!!!
      Posts
      294
      Likes
      0
      Quote Originally Posted by Abra View Post
      If you want to impress your professor, use the LaBerge study. Then integrate the testimonies, and make a hypothesis as to why individuals' experiences deviate from the study.

      Some dreams feel pretty real, going through all actions. Others skip parts, so it seems much longer than what it was.
      I have.... I just wanted to hear personal views about the subject...
      Quote Originally Posted by Seismosaur View Post

      Black people kidnapped black people and then sold them to white people, who soold them to white people who did what the did with them.

    13. #38
      Banned
      Join Date
      May 2007
      LD Count
      Loads
      Gender
      Location
      Digital Forest.
      Posts
      6,864
      Likes
      386
      You can't compare DT to RT.

      In dreams, time will pass the same as it does IRL in the dream, but the amount of time the dream takes up in reality ranges from a second to a minute, usually.

    14. #39
      Lucid-Dreaming Learner Toxin's Avatar
      Join Date
      Aug 2007
      LD Count
      20
      Gender
      Location
      The Dreamscape
      Posts
      27
      Likes
      0
      Quote Originally Posted by Mini Man56 View Post
      It differs for me.

      I might dream for 2 minutes, and when I wake up 2 hours have passed.
      Or
      I might dream for 2 hours, and when I wake up 2 minutes have passed. o.O
      Or
      I might dream for 2 hours, and when I wake up 2 hours really have passed.

      Most of the time my dreams last for half the time I'm really asleep. Like 4 hours of dreams in 8 hours of sleep.
      Exactly! 1 minute can be 1 hour, 1 hour can be 1 minute. I am not sure how this works but it seems that in dreams you control the time, or at least that's how it looks like.
      http://i2.tinypic.com/6b0qwwm.gif

      Total Lucid Experiences = 20
      Current Task: Get more DIDLs and have full control over them!

    15. #40
      Pip
      Pip is offline
      Member Pip's Avatar
      Join Date
      Aug 2008
      Posts
      35
      Likes
      5
      Quote Originally Posted by Mini Man56 View Post
      It differs for me.

      I might dream for 2 minutes, and when I wake up 2 hours have passed.
      Or
      I might dream for 2 hours, and when I wake up 2 minutes have passed. o.O
      Or
      I might dream for 2 hours, and when I wake up 2 hours really have passed.

      Most of the time my dreams last for half the time I'm really asleep. Like 4 hours of dreams in 8 hours of sleep.
      Its all a matter of perception, I don't think you can accurately know how much "time" if there is such a thing in dreams, has passed. Its just what it felt like.

      I guess if you are connected to an EEG and your REM time is measured, then you are awakened and asked how long you think you've been dreaming, you could compare the two and see if there is a correlation. I doubt if it feels the same way, twice, though. I'm sure the results would be all over the place, like the person I quoted described.

    16. #41
      DuB
      DuB is offline
      Distinct among snowflakes DuB's Avatar
      Join Date
      Sep 2005
      Gender
      Posts
      2,399
      Likes
      362
      Regarding the LaBerge study, it did offer some evidence that dream time is generally consistent with waking time, however as archdreamer correctly pointed out, it doesn't "prove" anything. Researchers are trained to be conservative in drawing conclusions from their research, and we should be as well. Anyway, here is a brief summary by LaBerge that I found on the Lucidity Institute website, as well as references for the full articles for anyone who cares to peruse them.
      ...
      How long do dreams take? This question has intrigued humanity for many centuries. A traditional answer was that dreams take very little or no time at all, as in the case of Maury's famous dream in which he had somehow gotten mixed up in a long series of adventures during the French Revolution, finally losing his head on the guillotine, at which point he awoke to find the headboard had fallen on his neck. He supposed, therefore that the lengthy dream had been produced in a flash by the painful stimulus. The idea that dreams occur in the moment of awakening has found supporters over the years (e.g., Hall,1981).

      We have straightforwardly approached the problem of dream time by asking subjects to estimate ten second intervals (by counting, "one thousand and one, one thousand and two, etc.") during their lucid dreams. Signals marking the beginning and end of the subjective intervals allowed comparison with objective time. In all cases, time estimates during the lucid dreams were very close to the actual time between signals (LaBerge, 1980a, 1985). However, this finding does not rule out the possibility of time distortion effects under some circumstances.
      ...
      References
      LaBerge, S. (1980a). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1980). (University Microfilms International No. 80-24,691).

      LaBerge, S. (1985). Lucid dreaming. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.
      Of course, the subjective and highly personal nature of experiencing dreams makes it hard to draw any definitive conclusions about dream time. After all, if someone claims to have experienced 60 years of experience in a 10 minute dream, who are we to tell them that they didn't? Obviously we should approach these claims with a healthy dose of skepticism, but in the end we really just don't have the technology or techniques to refute or validate them.

      Quote Originally Posted by prometheuspan View Post
      Apparently you did not study your REM sleep.
      ...
      You people really should get more research done
      Quote Originally Posted by prometheuspan View Post
      Could you cite your sources for these conclusions? I'd be very interested in reading them.
      ---------
      ppan. No, can't do that. Not prepared to be lucid dreaming expert, its not
      anything i keep files for.
      Your tactics of treating your conclusions as "common knowledge" and of rejecting the burden of proof are, of course, fallacious. If you refuse to provide any support for your claims and cannot offer any credentials that might allow us to take you at your word, then we really have no choice but to disregard your claims.

      Quote Originally Posted by prometheuspan View Post
      The exterior interface with the matrix is limited in time experience to the sampling rate of the senses and the processing rate of the brain. No such limitations exist in brodmann brain area communications.
      Quote Originally Posted by prometheuspan View Post
      Think about it in terms of pure biochemical messaging.
      Why would the brain be limited by real time in a brain to brain communication?
      Why is my PC limited by real time in processing information without accessing the internet? Because it still has to communicate within itself (i.e. between components) in order to process information, which is a fast process, but not infinitely fast.

      Similarly: why would the brain be limited by real time in brain to brain communication? Because it still has to communicate within itself (i.e. between different regions of the brain, including but not limited to the Brodmann brain areas, as you refer to them) in order to process information, which is a fast process, but not infinitely fast. Your assertion that "no such limitations exist in brodmann brain area communications" is entirely at odds with modern brain science. Information processing in your brain is achieved through the involvement of and communication between multiple, distinct brain areas. You seem to be stating that information processing in your brain is not limited by your brain processing speed - which, unless I am misunderstanding you, defies common sense. You instruct us to think of the issue in terms of biochemical messaging, which you apparently believe to be an instantaneous process. This is not the case.

      Furthermore, while it's certainly true that experienced waking time is limited by the "sampling rate" of the senses, it's not necessarily true that dreaming time is not. It's certainly possible, however there is also evidence that dreaming senses are limited by waking senses. For example, people who are born blind will have dreams without vision, and it is documented that people who lose their sense of sight will gradually begin having sightless dreams. Given these limitations on dream sight, it is not hard to imagine that our dreaming sense of time is similarly restricted by the waking "sampling rate" of the senses.

      By the way, referring to sensing the outside world as "interfacing with the matrix" isn't helping your credibility any.

      Quote Originally Posted by prometheuspan View Post
      Give me the specifics of the test and i'll tell you where its making the mistake.
      So you've condemned the research without even looking at it? And you don't see any problem with this approach?

      As I mentioned earlier in my post, I am reserved in my opinions about time dilation in dreams, since we are ill equipped to offer conclusive evidence for or against these claims. You mentioned that you have had some experiences with dream time dilation. I have no problem with your beliefs - who am I to tell you what you did or did not experience? - however, I am "scandalously floored" by your fallacious reasoning and by the contemptuous tone of your initial post.

    17. #42
      Member Halocuber's Avatar
      Join Date
      Jun 2008
      Gender
      Location
      Seriously .... I DON'T KNOW!!!
      Posts
      294
      Likes
      0
      Very well written , DuB.
      Last edited by Halocuber; 08-19-2008 at 12:52 AM.
      Quote Originally Posted by Seismosaur View Post

      Black people kidnapped black people and then sold them to white people, who soold them to white people who did what the did with them.

    18. #43
      Banned
      Join Date
      Mar 2008
      Posts
      4,904
      Likes
      64
      DuB... A true scientist lol

    19. #44
      NoX~LuPuS WolfeDreamer531's Avatar
      Join Date
      Jun 2008
      LD Count
      Gender
      Location
      GA
      Posts
      503
      Likes
      2
      Quote Originally Posted by prometheuspan View Post
      Sure, i have heard of lots of such things. Its still true that the dominant understanding of psychology is that dreams occur while in a REM condition and that REM conditions peak for only a few seconds. Pseudoscience
      can generate all sorts of interesting proofs for its assumptions. Give me the specifics of the test and i'll tell you where its making the mistake.
      Uhh, you are aware that we dont only dream in the REM stage right?
      http://www.dreamgate.com/dream/library/index.htm
      The four stages outside of REM sleep are called non-REM sleep (NREM). Although most dreams do take place during REM sleep, more recent research has shown that dreams can occur during any of the sleep stages. Tore A. Nielsen, Ph.D., of the Dream and Nightmare Laboratory in Montreal, refers to this as "covert REM sleep" making an appearance during NREM sleep. Most NREM dreams, however, don't have the intensity of REM dreams.

    20. #45
      Psychedelic Onslaught capoopy's Avatar
      Join Date
      Jul 2008
      LD Count
      10
      Gender
      Location
      Earth
      Posts
      344
      Likes
      3
      DJ Entries
      10
      Lots of times I fall asleep in the car (not driving) and time seems to go by super fast. Yesterday I was in the car and we were going to drop off my brother at his friends house. I fell asleep on the way there and woke up for a few seconds when we got there, I fell asleep for what seemed like a few seconds, but when I woke up we were back at my house. It was weird lol
      http://img7.uploadhouse.com/fileuploads/3039/3039302fbdc20bfd0b984e2e614b016b3a10f9f.jpg
      Made by ClouD

      LD's: 9
      8 DILD
      1 DEILD
      My Dream Journal- Please Comment!

    21. #46
      Member FatalForces's Avatar
      Join Date
      Jun 2007
      Posts
      47
      Likes
      1
      First off, Prometheuspan, get off your high horse.

      All of your posts that I have read are hostile and condescending to other LD'ers, and there's no reason for it. You're welcome to your opinions, but don't preach to everyone here like you're the only one with a grain of sense, and then not back up your claims on the excuse that "you can't be bothered". It's hypocritical and idiotic.

      /End Rant

      Back to the subject, I would start by asking why your dreams would run on a constant timescale in the first place. In reality, you perceive things at a more or less constant rate because it is dictated by the universe that you exist in.

      However, in a world that exists only in your mind, I would think that you perceive events there as quickly as your brain is capable of processing them.

      Think of a computer, and how it can process and analyze data. The speed at which it processes data isn't decided by any outside universal speed limit. It can process information as fast as it is capable of, because the world it acts in is strictly virtual.

      Long post short, yes, I would guess that your dreams can go slower or faster than time in reality.
      [Insert Witty Sig Here]

      WILD's: 1!!!

    22. #47
      DNK
      DNK is offline
      Member DNK's Avatar
      Join Date
      Dec 2005
      Location
      Iowa/Illinois
      Posts
      232
      Likes
      1
      Yeah, there's been some hostility in this thread for no apparent reason, but I'll post anyway.

      Normally, I couldn't honestly tell you. I don't wake up and check the time between dreams. When I'm in that half-awake haze I've noticed time dilate and contract quite a lot. It's as if ten minutes go by without notice, 30 sec maybe, then I drift off and spend another ten minutes half awake, just to find out less than 60 sec just passed.

      I was under the impression that it was generally agreed that the brain can slow time down quite a lot, although it doesn't normally do this due to it being a waste in general life. I'm sure one can work this like any skill, just as one can LD. How this connects with dream time, I'm not sure. I guess when "time" becomes a matter of subconscious fiction, your memory can get written with all sorts of "time".

    23. #48
      not on boats
      Join Date
      Jul 2007
      Posts
      403
      Likes
      1
      Personally, I'd really like to see a study (akin to the LaBerge study) using subjects who claim to be able to consistently extend time in their dreams, if enough of these people exist.

    Page 2 of 2 FirstFirst 1 2

    Bookmarks

    Posting Permissions

    • You may not post new threads
    • You may not post replies
    • You may not post attachments
    • You may not edit your posts
    •