Intelligence study is very odd field, since the time of Binet there has been a lot of talk about what should be calculated into it and what should not. There are many definitions.
Some of widely accepted definitions of intelligence :
- An intelligent person adapts into new situations and copes with its requirements.
- An intelligent person is able to use well his knowledge.
- An intelligent person can solve problems and act rationally.
- An intelligent person is able to benefit from teaching better than less intelligent.
- An intelligent perosn is able to think abstractly and use abstracts.
When thinking of the history of the intelligence study, it has often been mixed with giftedness. Intelligence is, however, a part of it. In the very first studies of intelligence the definitions were heavy with mathematical and linquistic skills, logical deduction and intellectual skill. In these past decades, however, intelligence has been seen as more relative and even more broader concept. In addition of cognitive abilities, it is seen that intelligence includes different kinds of practical abilities and social abilities. The definition of intelligence is affected by culture and life circumstances, in different cultures you'll need different kind of intelligent behavior. As intelligence surfaces itself in different shapes : actions, the quality of life, learning etc. , one definition cannot be applied into all situations, unless we stick with the intelligence is adaptation.
IQ tests are a way to test intelligence, but it is only a narrow edge of it. However, IQ tests serve their purpose as they are a way to gather information from people and compare it to each other. It is, by no means, always reliable or accurate. As Xei said, many factors that contribute to intelligence are heritable. The neurofysiological approach of intelligence is actually very interesting. With our modern equipment we are able to see the actual inheretance in the cells and study intelligence as learning process. We are able to actually see how neural networks and structures change when something new is learned. Thus we can see that "an intelligent" nervous system is a fast and efficent information handler. If you add enviroment to this, we can see how an enviroment that is full of different stimulus affect to the system and boosts and hastens the capability to learn and adapt new things.
Also, I think social side must be considered as well. Motivation and support is priceless when we are talking about untapping dormant capabilities. In a social enviroment where a person is supported and encouraged to use his talents the intelligence can be nurtured. If social enviroment is negative and uninviting the person might never understand how intelligent he actually is or loses that early life chance to develope it. Or motivation to do so. When speaking of social aspects, emotional intelligence is worth of mentioning. While they both has some kind of correlation, it is surprisingly often the case that someone who is otherwise very intelligent has very weak in his social relationship. Personally, I think emotional intelligence is crucial aspect that should not be negleted.
I like the theory that Raymond Cattell brought. He created the concepts of fluid intelligence and chrystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence is the ability to see factual connections, solve problems, the creative, flexible intellect. It is only partly dependable on culture or knowledge. When you live long and solve lot of problems, you start to need less and less this fluid intelligence, since you usually always find a familiar and established solution. So this chrystallized intelligence is more bound to culture. It is intelligence that is habitual, stays for same for very long time ( vocabularly, mathematics, common knowledge ). Fluid intelligence, however, is on its peak when you are approx. 15-25.
I won't post more now. I see, if this encourages any new conversation.
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