An important question raised by these studies is whether
enhanced EEG activity is state dependent (e.g.– occurring only
during meditation and immediately after it), or trait dependent
(e.g. – occurring outside of formal meditation practice) [5].
The latter would suggests that long-term meditation training causes
lasting neuro-plastic changes in cortico-thalamic circuits, which
should be detected in the spontaneous brain activity [9].
This question is difficult to address because meditation training occurs
at multiple time-scales. For example it can happen intensively, as
during meditation retreats, or less intensively but across a longer
period, as during daily practice. Training also occurs, in different
contexts, either during formal practice, or when the practitioner
intentionally cultivates meditative qualities within her/his daily
activities. Another critical methodological issue is that resting state
in meditation experts may be an elusive concept. Indeed, it is
possible that during wakefulness a meditator may spontaneously
enter a meditative state while "at rest" as a consequence of his/her
level of training.
However, during sleep brain activity is directed
by neither conscious effort nor attention, but rather reflects the
intrinsic function of cortico-cortical and cortico-thalamic circuits
Thus, the examination of sleep EEG is an effective means to
identify individual trait differences in the brain unconfounded by
the effect of meditation on waking mentation. [...
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